Different methods of producing NMN:

1. Chemical synthesis
- Description: This method uses chemical reactions to produce NMN.
- Advantages: High yield, well suited for mass productions
- Disadvantages: Expensive, labor-intensive, use of "unnatural" raw materials, environmental pollution from solvents, difficult removal of impurities[2].

2. Enzymatic synthesis- Description: NMN is produced by enzymatic reactions, often using recombinant enzymes.
- Advantages: High purity, environmentally friendly, stable, easily absorbed.
- Disadvantages: Expensive, but considered a "green method"[2][5][7].

3. Fermentation-based biosynthesis- Description: Microorganisms such as bacteria or yeast are genetically modified to produce NMN through fermentation.
- Advantages: Environmentally friendly, cost-effective, high quality.
- Disadvantages: Low yield compared to other methods[2][3][4][6].

4. Biotechnological methods- Description: Use of genetically modified microorganisms such as *Escherichia coli* to produce NMN.
- Advantages: Cost-effective, improved yield through genetic modifications.
- Disadvantages: Complex optimization of production conditions required[3][7].

5. Cascade catalysis- Description: Multiple enzymes are used in a cascade to synthesize NMN.
- Advantages: Efficient production, high purity.
- Disadvantages: Complex process control[8].

The choice of production method depends on various factors, including cost, environmental impact, yield and purity of the final product. Enzymatic and fermentation-based methods are increasingly preferred as they are more environmentally friendly and sustainable[2][3][5][7].

Sources:
[1] https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2019065876A1/en
[2] https://getwonderfeel.com/how-nmn-manufactured/
[3] https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5637/9/7/594
[4] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10418623/
[5] https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09217
[6] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-87361-1
[7] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30115969/
[8] https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2023/ra/d3ra03857b?page=search

Different methods of manufacturing NMN cause the resulting NMN product to differ in properties such as color, density, taste and other characteristics.The main reasons for this are:1. Purity level- Depending on the production method, different amounts of impurities or byproducts may be present in the NMN, which can affect the color and taste.
- For example, chemically synthesized NMN may contain more impurities than enzymatically or fermentatively produced NMN.

2. Crystal structure- Crystallization conditions during manufacturing can change the crystal structure and thus the density of the NMN powder.
- Different crystal forms (polymorphic forms) can have different densities.

3. Particle size- Depending on the grinding and sieving, the particle size of the NMN powder can vary.
- Finer particles have a higher density than coarser ones.

4. Residual moisture- The moisture content of the NMN powder after the drying process can vary.
- Higher residual moisture leads to a lower density.

5. Additives- Some manufacturers add release agents, fillers or binders, which can affect color and taste.

The NMN of the AFEGA® brand:

We do not always purchase our own brand NMN from the same producer. We want to be able to offer this NMN as cheaply as possible and therefore negotiate the price with various producers. If the quality (especially the purity) meets our requirements, we then order from the producer who can deliver at the cheapest price.

Customers who care about the properties of the NMN always being exactly the same then order the NMN of the UTHEVER brand and accept the slightly higher price.

However, the higher price is not related to a difference in quality! It is accepted by people who are either particularly fond of the brand and have good associations with UTHEVER or EFFEPHARM, or who feel better when the substance always has exactly the same properties.